OZONE
History of ozone
Past developments in ozone application
A Dutch chemist called Van Marum was probably
the first person to detect ozone sensorially.
In the description of his experiments, he
mentioned the notion of a characteristic smell around his electrifier .
However, the discovery of ozone was only just
mentioned by name decennia later, in a writing of Schönbein that dates back to
1840. This discovery was presented to the University of München.
Schönbein had noticed the same characteristc
smell during his experiments, that Van Marum had tried to identify earlier. He
called this gas 'ozone', which is distracted from ozein; the Greek word for
scent.
Generally, the discovery of ozone is ascribed
to Schönbein. Moreover, Schönbein is mentioned as the first person to research
the reaction mechanisms of ozone and organic matter.
After 1840, many studies on the disinfection mechanism of ozone followed.
The first ozone generator was manufactured in
Berlin by Von Siemens. This manufacturer also wrote a book about ozone
application in water.
This caused a number of pilot projects to
take place, during which the disinfection mechanism of ozone was researched.
The French chemist Marius Paul Otto (figure
1) received a doctorate at the French University, for his essay on
ozone.
He was the first person to start a
specialized company for the manufacture of ozone installations: 'Compagnie des
Eaux et de l’Ozone'.
The first technical-scale application of
ozone took place in Oudshoorn, Netherlands, in 1893. This ozone installation
was thoroughly studied by French sientists, and another unit was installed in
Nice after that (in 1906).
Since then, ozone was applied in Nice
continuously, causing Nice to be called the 'place of birth of ozone for drinking water treatment.'
In the years prior to World War I, there was
an increase in the use of ozone installations in various countries.
Around 1916, 49 ozone installations were in
use throughout Europe (26 of which were located in France).
However, this increase faltered soon
afterwards. This was consequential to research of toxic gases, which evidently
lead to the development of chlorine.
This disinfectant appeared to be a suitable alternative to ozone, as it did not have the
shortcomings in management, such as low applicative guarantee and low yield of ozone generation.
Ozone production did not reach its prior
level until after World War II.
In 1940, the number of ozone installations
that were in use worldwide had only grown to 119.
In 1977 this number, had increased to 1043
ozone installations. More than half of the installations were located in France.
Around 1985, the number of applied ozone installations
was estimated >2000.
However, the last decennia the application of
ozone applications did start to increase again. This was caused by the
discovery of trihalomethanes (THM) as a harmful disinfection byproduct of chlorine disinfection, in 1973.
Consequentially, scientists started looking
for alternative disinfectants.
Another problem was an increase in
disturbing, difficultly removable organic micro-pollutants in surface waters.
These compounds appeared to be oxidized by ozone faster than by chlorine and
chlorine compounds.
Furthermore, ozone turned out to deactivate
even those microorganisms that develop resistance to disinfectants, such as Crystosporidium.
Finally, there has been a progress in the
abolishment of shortcomings in ozone management.
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