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| Reverse Osmosis with Steel Tank & Cartridge Pre-Filters |
Reverse Osmosis
(RO)
What is Reverse Osmosis?
Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a membrane-technology
filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions from
solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a
selective membrane.
The result is that the solute is retained on
the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to
the other side.
How Reverse Osmosis Works
In the
normal osmosis process, the solvent naturally moves from an area of low solute
concentration (High Water Potential), through a membrane, to an area of high
solute concentration (Low Water Potential).
The movement of a pure solvent to equalize
solute concentrations on each side of a membrane generates osmotic pressure.
Applying an external pressure to reverse the
natural flow of pure solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis. The process is similar
to other membrane technology applications.
However, there are key differences between
reverse osmosis and filtration.
The predominant removal mechanism in membrane
filtration is straining, or size exclusion, so the process can theoretically
achieve perfect exclusion of particles regardless of operational parameters
such as influent pressure and concentration.
Reverse osmosis, however, involves a
diffusive mechanism so that separation efficiency is dependent on solute
concentration, pressure, and water flux rate.
Reverse osmosis is most commonly known for
its use in drinking water purification from seawater, removing the salt and
other substances from the water molecules.
The efficiency of a reverse osmosis water
filter is affected by the water pressure coming into the system and the
temperature of that water.
Membranes are tested at 65 psi of pressure
and temperature of 77 degrees.
For each incremental change in either
variable, membrane performance changes accordingly.
Higher pressures increase production and vice
versa. The optimal pressure is 65 PSI and temperature is 77°, as seen here on
our reverse osmosis pressure/temperature chart.
What are the Stages in a Reverse Osmosis
System?
Below
is a simplified and exploded diagram of a typical 4-stage reverse osmosis
system.
The stages have been numbered and the arrows
show the directional flow of the water as it moves through the system.
A larger diagram of the membrane is featured
at the bottom to show its many layers, the component of the system that makes
it a 'reverse osmosis' system.
1. Sediment Pre-Filter
Melt Blown Polypropylene removes dirt, rust
and sediment particles down to 5 microns. There are several different types of
sediment cartridges.
Pleated filters feature increased
surface area and longer life. These cartridges are washable and reusable.
Melt blown polypropylene filters are
designed for the removal of dirt, rust and sediment from water. 5 and 20 micron
are the most popular sizes for drinking water applications.
String wound filters are an inexpensive
solution to your filtration needs. These cartridges come in a variety of media
types and have a wide range of applications.
2. Carbon Pre-Filter
Coconut Shell Carbon Block Cartridge(s), 10
Micron removes chlorine, taste, odor and chemical contaminants.
Activated carbon block filters typically
have a 0.5 to 10 micron filtration capability, making it also helpful for
particulate filtration, removing taste and odor from chlorine, insoluble lead
reduction, and demonstrating, in some cases, removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium.
A 5-stage reverse osmosis system has an third
housing to hold an additional carbon block cartridge.
3. Reverse Osmosis Membrane
Thin Film Composite (TFC) rejects (removes)
95% of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) down to .0001 Microns.
Thin film composite membranes (TFC or
TFM) are semi permeable membranes manufactured principally for use in water
purification or water desalination systems.
They also have use in chemical applications
such as batteries and fuel cells.
4. Post Carbon Filter
Coconut Shell Activated Carbon is the final
polishing filter after storage tank, just before you use the water.
Inline post filters typically clip onto
the top of a reverse osmosis system's membrane housing. The post filter removes
any chlorine or contaminants missed by the other cartridges or membrane.
What
Can Reverse Osmosis Remove From Drinking Water?
The reverse osmosis process
can remove a myriad of organic and inorganic contaminants from your tap water.
These systems specialize in removing chlorine
taste and odor, rust, sediment and also alleviate common worries about public
water by reducing or completely removing arsenic, asbestos, chromium, fluoride,
lead, mercury, VOCs, THMs, giardia and cryptosporidium.
What Makes Up a Reverse
Osmosis System?
The following components make up your reverse
osmosis system:
Reverse Osmosis Module
The RO module is the main component and holds the
pre-filters and membrane, and post filter. A bracket is provided so they can be
mounted under the sink or in a basement.
Feed Water Valve
Feed water valve connects to the cold water line to supply
water to the RO system.
This valve comes in several different types.
An angle stop valve screws onto the cold water line
directly above the cold water shut-off valve.
A faucet adaptor connects to the cold water line just
below an existing faucet.
A self-piercing valve clamps onto the cold water line and
makes a small puncture in the pipe.
Pre-Filter #1
Melt Blown Polypropylene filter removes
larger particles such as dirt, rust & sediment.
Pre-Filter
#2
10 Micron Carbon Block removes chlorine and
chemical contaminants in the feed water and protects the RO membrane.
Automatic
Shut-Off Valve
Automatic shut-off valve closes when the storage tank is full and
shuts off the water supply to conserve water. The valve activates when the tank
pressure is 2/3 of the feed pressure.
Membrane
Reverse Osmosis Membrane Thin Film Composite Membranes reduces
dissolved minerals, metals, and salts.
In this process, harmful compounds are
separated by the membrane from the water, and the contaminants are flushed to
the drain.
Drain Valve
Wastewater saddle valve connects to the drain to remove reject water
from the RO system.
Post Filter
A coconut shell activated carbon post
filter is
provided for a final "polish" and to remove tastes, odors and to
provide great tasting water.
Bladder
Storage Tank
Bladder tank holds RO purified water, ready to use.
Drinking Water Faucet
The RO Faucet is used to dispense purified water
when you want it.
Tubing
Tubing connects all RO components.
Quick-Connect
Fittings
Quick-Connect fittings are used for necessary tubing connections.
Source: Wikipedia
RELATED POSTS:
.
Difference Between Osmosis and Dialysis
CLICK HERE . . .
.
Reverse OsmosisCLICK HERE . . .
.
DESALINATION
Desalination
Pros and Cons
CLICK HERE . . .
.
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